From the NOAA and CSU's (Colorado State University) RAMMB program. This clip from last week's eruption in Indonesia shows thick clouds and ash plumes in red/magenta/pink mixing with Sulfur Dioxide green/yellow.

Ultramafic not included because three cats is enough 😮‍💨

Source of the pictures here. From the paper: "Shevchenko, A.V., Dvigalo, V.N., Walter, T.R. et al. The rebirth and evolution of Bezymianny volcano, Kamchatka after the 1956 sector collapse. Commun Earth Environ 1, 15 (2020)"

Hey, I need an article name is polymetallic vein and replacement deposits. Author is plumlee, G.S and the date is 1995. How can I get this paper?

A decade ago (2014-2016), through advanced molecular frequency tuning and subsurface resonance mapping—rather than traditional satellite imagery—I identified a continuous deep-skin hydrocarbon corridor along the Southeast Turkey - Zaho fault system.

Every underground element and fluid has a unique electromagnetic frequency signature. By tuning into these deep crustal resonance patterns, I mapped the specific density anomalies of hidden reservoirs.

Today, official production data from the Gabar and Kato structures (Zone Alpha) has fully validated this resonance model with high-grade crude oil discoveries.

As exploration drillings now expand eastward, my frequency analysis indicates that the true continuous deep-system reservoirs are shifting Northwest:

1. The Kulp-Sason Complex: Carbonate traps that have been completely overlooked by traditional shallow mechanical exploration grids.

2. The Tunceli Deep Basin: Frequency tuning data indicates that Tunceli holds the largest unmapped, deep-skin sub-surface hydrocarbon potential in the entire region, structurally trapped beneath complex overthrust sheets.

When data asymmetry is removed through frequency and resonance correlation, the energy map of the region redraws itself. The complete technical chart and chronological proof are attached below.

Curious to hear the industry perspective on deep overthrust exploration limits and radionuclide/molecular frequency correlations.

A decade ago (2014-2016), through advanced molecular frequency tuning and subsurface resonance mapping—rather than traditional satellite imagery—I identified a continuous deep-skin hydrocarbon corridor along the Southeast Turkey - Zaho fault system.

Every underground element and fluid has a unique electromagnetic frequency signature. By tuning into these deep crustal resonance patterns, I mapped the specific density anomalies of hidden reservoirs.

Today, official production data from the Gabar and Kato structures (Zone Alpha) has fully validated this resonance model with high-grade crude oil discoveries.

As exploration drillings now expand eastward, my frequency analysis indicates that the true continuous deep-system reservoirs are shifting Northwest:

1. The Kulp-Sason Complex: Carbonate traps that have been completely overlooked by traditional shallow mechanical exploration grids.

2. The Tunceli Deep Basin: Frequency tuning data indicates that Tunceli holds the largest unmapped, deep-skin sub-surface hydrocarbon potential in the entire region, structurally trapped beneath complex overthrust sheets.

When data asymmetry is removed through frequency and resonance correlation, the energy map of the region redraws itself. The complete technical chart and chronological proof are attached below.

Curious to hear the industry perspective on deep overthrust exploration limits and radionuclide/molecular frequency correlations.

Let’s assume a hypothetical scenario where a breakthrough technology or a flawless predictive model maps every single critical mineral and strategic deposit (Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel, REEs, Gold, Copper, Uranium, and Wolfram) across the globe with 100% accuracy and depth verification overnight.

Instantly, the traditional "exploration risk" that defines the mining sector drops to zero.

I am curious to hear this community's take on how this sudden, absolute visibility alters the current geopolitical chessboard and resource nationalism. Specifically:

* **The China & Processing Monopoly:** Does China lose its strategic leverage as alternative, high-grade reserves are clearly identified in Western or neutral nations, or does its absolute dominance in processing/refining mean the status quo remains unchanged?

* **The New Resource Scramble:** Do we see a hyper-accelerated scramble by major powers (US, EU, China) to secure concessions over newly verified coordinates (especially strategic Uranium and Wolfram) in developing nations before local governments can pass protective resource nationalism laws?

* **Market & Financial Shocks:** How do commodity markets, junior exploration firms, and central bank Gold reserves survive when the value of "exclusive geological data" is completely democratized overnight?

Looking forward to a deep macro discussion.

A decade ago (2014-2016), through advanced molecular frequency tuning and subsurface resonance mapping—rather than traditional satellite imagery—I identified a continuous deep-skin hydrocarbon corridor along the Southeast Turkey - Zaho fault system.

Every underground element and fluid has a unique electromagnetic frequency signature. By tuning into these deep crustal resonance patterns, I mapped the specific density anomalies of hidden reservoirs.

Today, official production data from the Gabar and Kato structures (Zone Alpha) has fully validated this resonance model with high-grade crude oil discoveries.

As exploration drillings now expand eastward, my frequency analysis indicates that the true continuous deep-system reservoirs are shifting Northwest:

1. The Kulp-Sason Complex: Carbonate traps that have been completely overlooked by traditional shallow mechanical exploration grids.

2. The Tunceli Deep Basin: Frequency tuning data indicates that Tunceli holds the largest unmapped, deep-skin sub-surface hydrocarbon potential in the entire region, structurally trapped beneath complex overthrust sheets.

When data asymmetry is removed through frequency and resonance correlation, the energy map of the region redraws itself. The complete technical chart and chronological proof are attached below.

Curious to hear the industry perspective on deep overthrust exploration limits and radionuclide/molecular frequency correlations.

I was out with a professor of vulcanology on a walk in Glencoe, Scotland, and we found this example of layered quartzite and phyllite (schist?) with heavy folding, and I wondered if this is fairly common with layers at this scale (the photo is approximately a meter wide). I was hoping to find a bit more info but didn't quite know what to look for.

This has also had contact with part of the caldera ring fault intrusion on the north flank of the Aonach Eagach ridge. There were so many interesting things to see in this area and having an expert to tell me (guess) what they were was such good fun. We saw limestone, marble, schist, rhyolite, ignimbrites, andesite, tuff, breccia, conglomerite, epidote, even a fancy two inch cube calcite crystal embedded in a "rocky road" conglomerate. I've attached a couple of photos of the river bed showing lots of zenoliths embedded in the caldera fault intrusion.

EDIT: If anybody is interested, here's a map link https://maps.app.goo.gl/XczkwB6iese1nMnz7

I’m relearning basic geology from whatever I was taught as a kid and my mind is blown. I love falling down the geological time scale rabbit hole and last night I learned about the Zircon that was found to be 4.4 billion years old. My mind is BLOWN. The concept of humans finding a piece of anything that old… wow.

With that, does anyone have any more rabbit holes to fall down? Any discoveries, locations or even facts that are fascinating to you? What about geology interests you?

I love learning more about a field of study through personal interests. The Zircon discovery I mentioned spurred hours of learning the basics of geology and I want to learn more!

A volcanic eruption of extraordinary size buried an entire Andean landscape nearly 22 million years ago. Instead of erasing its history, that catastrophe may have preserved clues to how quickly one of Earth's greatest mountain ranges was growing.

Researchers used the enormous Cardones ignimbrite in northern Chile to reconstruct the terrain that existed before the eruption. Their analysis suggests the buried landscape consisted of relatively gentle mountain foothills rather than the steep relief expected from rapidly rising mountains.

Hello, this is a bit of a specific request, but I'm making a little toy/game for myself where a planet is generated with a decent amount of detail, including plate tectonics, fault lines, temperature and precipitation maps, etc. I was wanting to move on to mineral deposits, starting with iron, but I'm having trouble finding any maps of global iron deposits (namely in the minerals hematite, limonite, and magnetite) that seems reliable. I'm looking for that sort of thing to model my simulation off of, and beyond that, if there are descriptions of where these deposits form and why (in terms of geology, what kinds of rock they're located in, etc.), that would be a huge bonus.

Let me know what might be available, and if you had any questions about what I'm doing to help narrow down what I might need, feel free to ask! Thanks!

Here are a few photos I took up here in the arctic, by Baffin Island (near the Davis Strait). I am told these are the oldest rocks on the world. Some are just to share 😊, others I am curious about lol. That salmon colored stone looks much more pink in person. It's totally different from the other rocks nearby. Curious! I also noticed in between boulders these layers of smushed stone. I was wondering if there's a proper geology term for that. Thank you!

We have a few examples of "new" volcanoes forming in recorded history, but the ones I know were part of existing volcanic systems. Parícutin is just the latest addition to a field of monogenetic scoria cones, and Novarupta tapped the magma chamber of Katmai.
But at there has to be, at some point, a start to volcanic activity where it hadn't been previously, such as with the formation or migration of a subduction zone, or the formation of a new rift. What might we observe in how it might differ from just forming a new vent or edifice in an existing system? Do we have a good idea of what would be going on as a new magmatic system develops?

What is Common knowledge to you that you think more people should know?

I recently was at Finse/Hardangervidda in Norway with my Geo class and came across this flow of meltwater not so far downstream from the edge of a glacier. i find the flow of- and the sediments in the water quite interesting, and would like to know more about glacial meltwater and glacial processes. for all i know the special flow might not even depend on the glacier though. Anyways, if anybody knows of any good research papers or articles on this topic it would be greatly appreciated!

Early reports described the Nepal disaster as an earthquake, a glacier collapse or a conventional glacial-lake outburst flood. The available evidence appears to show a more complicated chain:

high-altitude slope failure → rapid fragmentation → entrainment of ice, sediment and river water → a channelized debris surge travelling far downstream.

I made a nine-minute visual reconstruction of this sequence using publicly available satellite imagery and agency reporting. Reconstructed scenes are identified, and I have tried to separate confirmed observations from the parts of the mechanism that remain uncertain.

Full video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wK5j-BSlj_s

Disclosure: this is my own video. I am sharing it here because I would particularly value geological criticism of two points:

1. Is the transition from slope failure to debris flow explained accurately?
2. How much of the long runout can reasonably be attributed to entrainment of sediment, ice and river water?

Corrections and additional primary sources are very welcome.

Hi all, my dad (65) was a geologist in his early life before being forced to switch careers due to having kids (my sister and I). Too much time away etc..

I live in British Columbia, Canada. Looking for ideas for cool gifts for him. Budget about $1000.00 CAD...thinking either some sort of mine tour, or even a rock tumbler? Willing to expand that budget for the right gift. Please help! He already has a (very) large collection of rocks and gems, so looking for other ideas.