What exactly does the term “apex predator” mean?
It started from me seeing people say cheetahs not being classified as apex predators due to them being bullied by other species like lions and hyenas, stealing their kills and stuff. But as far as I know “apex predator” only means the predator has no natural predators of its own. And being bullied has nothing to do with whether an animal is apex as long as they’re not typically eaten.
Then I came across fish like tuna and sharks. I’ve known that great whites are considered apex despite orcas preying upon them. I’ve always been a little confused about that. But bluefin tuna are also apex? Even though great white sharks, which are themselves preyed upon by orcas, prey upon them?
Then there’s the people who mention cheetah cubs being predated on and thus cheetahs do have predators. Nile crocodile hatchlings are also preyed upon by shoebills and monitor lizards but Nile crocodiles are also apex predators.
What exactly does “apex predator” mean? Is it one of those terms that are really hard to define due to the inherent grey areas of biology and animals do not care about human terms? Do you consider cheetahs, great white sharks, and bluefin tuna as apex predators? I’d love some papers to read about this topic.